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抗性杂草现状

2024-06-17

除草剂抗性问题一直伴随着除草剂的使用和发展，挑战着除草剂的使用，也“激励”着除草剂的开发。

1、全球抗性杂草概况

经Weedscience网站统计，截止目前，全球共发现530个除草剂抗性案例。涉及272种杂草（其中155种双子叶、117种单子叶），168种除草剂（31个除草剂作用机制中占21个）；分布在72个国家，共100种作物田中。

图1 全球抗性杂草（抗性案例）历年增长趋势

截止2023年，各类作用机制的除草剂抗性杂草数量：抗乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）抑制剂除草剂的杂草数量最多，为174种；其次依次为光合系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）抑制剂、烯醇丙酮莽草酸磷酸合成酶（EPSP）抑制剂、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACCase）抑制剂、生长素类似物除草剂、光合系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）电子转移除草剂、微管组装抑制剂，抗性杂草数量分别为87、59、51、44、33、12种。

而同一种杂草存在多个除草剂抗性的趋势也愈发严重。截止2020年，248种杂草对2种及2种以上作用机制的除草剂产生抗性，占比94.66%。对2-5种作用机制的除草剂产生抗性的杂草数量分别为104、54、32和19种。其中，硬直黑麦草和早熟禾对12种作用位点的除草剂已经产生抗性。

图2 各作用机制的除草剂抗性杂草历年增长趋势

图3 多重抗性的杂草历年增长趋势

图4 多重抗性的杂草（TOP15）

从统计数据可以看出，已产生抗性杂草最严重的科为禾本科。共92种抗性杂草；其他位列前10的抗性杂草科依次为菊科、十字花科、莎草科、苋科、蓼科、玄参科、泽泻科、藜科和石竹科。分布最多的作物田为小麦田，统计有85种杂草已产生抗性，其次为玉米田、水稻田、大豆田等。

图5 发生抗性杂草的科（TOP10）

图6 作物田发生抗性杂草数量（TOP10）

莠去津、草甘膦和苯磺隆是抗性问题最严重的三个除草剂，分别已发现66、59和48种杂草对其产生抗药性。其次还有咪唑乙烟酸、甲氧咪草烟、甲基碘磺隆钠盐、甲磺隆、氯磺隆、精噁唑禾草灵、百草枯、苄嘧磺隆、西玛津、噻吩磺隆、啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆。

图7 除草剂各有效成分已产生抗性杂草数量（TOP15）

2、我国抗性杂草概况

Weedscience网站统计了我国1990年-2023年报导的抗性杂草发生案例，共51个。主要发生的抗性杂草有日本看麦娘、反枝苋、稗草（原变种）、菵草、雨久花、野慈姑、播娘蒿、小飞蓬、猪殃殃、荠菜、麦家公、看麦娘、牛繁缕、鸭舌草、马唐、繁缕、牛筋草、硬草、千金子、铁苋菜、通泉草、稗草（西来稗变种）、棒头草、大巢菜、多花水苋菜、黑麦草、水稗。其中抗性较为严重的是稗草和日本看麦娘。

主要分布于小麦、冬小麦、水稻、棉花、玉米、大豆田及非耕地中。主要分布在水稻和小麦田中。

产生抗性较多的除草剂包括苯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆等ALS除草剂，及炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵等ACCase除草剂。

表1 中国抗性杂草案例

Year	Species	MOAs	Actives	Situations
1990	Alopecurus japonicus	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders& HRAC Group 5	chlorotoluron	Cereals, Wheat
1990	Amaranthus retroflexus	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders& HRAC Group 5	atrazine	Cropland
1993	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli	Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors HRAC Group 15	butachlor	Rice
1993	Beckmannia syzigachne	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders& HRAC Group 5	chlorotoluron	Cereals, Wheat
1993	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli	Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors HRAC Group 15	thiobencarb/benthiocarb	Rice
2000	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli	Auxin Mimics& HRAC Group 4	quinclorac	Rice
2003	Monochoria korsakowii	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl	Rice
2003	Sagittaria montevidensis	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl	Rice
2005	Descurainia sophia	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Cereals
2006	Conyza canadensis	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase& HRAC Group 9	glyphosate	Orchards
2007	Galium aparine	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Winter wheat
2007	Alopecurus japonicus	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	haloxyfop-methyl, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, pinoxaden	Winter wheat, Canola
2009	Capsella bursapastoris	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Winter wheat
2009	Buglossoides arvensis (=Lithospermum arvense)	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Winter wheat
2009	Youngia japonica	PS I Electron Diversion& HRAC Group 22	paraquat	Unspecified
2010	Alopecurus japonicus	PS I Electron Diversion& HRAC Group 22	paraquat	Unspecified
2010	Alopecurus aequalis	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl	Wheat
2010	Beckmannia syzigachne	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	fenoxaprop-ethyl	Winter wheat
2010	Myosoton aquaticum	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Winter wheat
2010	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl	Rice, Soybean
2010	Monochoria vaginalis	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	bensulfuron-methyl	Rice
2010	Digitaria sanguinalis	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	nicosulfuron	Corn (maize)
2010	Stellaria media	Auxin Mimics& HRAC Group 4	MCPA, fluroxypyr	Winter wheat
2010	Eleusine indica	PS I Electron Diversion& HRAC Group 22	paraquat	Unspecified
2010	Eleusine indica	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase& HRAC Group 9	glyphosate	Orchards
2010	Sclerochloa kengiana	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl	Winter wheat
2011	Leptochloa chinensis	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	cyhalofop-butyl	Rice
2011	Digitaria sanguinalis	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	quizalofop-ethyl	Cotton
2011	Acalypha australis	Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase& HRAC Group 14	fomesafen	Soybean
2011	Rorippa indica	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Winter wheat
2011	Mazus fauriei	PS I Electron Diversion& HRAC Group 22	paraquat	Unspecified
2011	Sclerochloa dura	PS I Electron Diversion& HRAC Group 22	paraquat	Unspecified
2011	Descurainia sophia	Auxin Mimics& HRAC Group 4	MCPA	Winter wheat
2011	Descurainia sophia	Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase& HRAC Group 14	carfentrazone-ethyl	Winter wheat
2011	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crusgalli	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	penoxsulam	Rice
2013	Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis	Auxin Mimics& HRAC Group 4	quinclorac	Rice
2014	Polypogon fugax	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	clodinafop-propargyl, fluazifop-butyl, quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, sethoxydim, clethodim, pinoxaden	Wheat, Canola
2014	Galium aparine	Auxin Mimics& HRAC Group 4	fluroxypyr	Wheat
2014	Vicia sativa	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	tribenuron-methyl	Wheat
2014	Alopecurus aequalis	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	quizalofop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, nicosulfuron, flucarbazone-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam, pinoxaden	Wheat
2014	Alopecurus japonicus	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	fenoxaprop-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, sulfosulfuron, nicosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam	Wheat
2014	Sagittaria trifolia	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	pyribenzoxim, bispyribac-sodium, bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam	Rice
2017	Amaranthus retroflexus	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase& HRAC Group 14	imazethapyr, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fomesafen, lactofen, acifluorfen	Soybean
2019	Lithospermum arvense	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	imazethapyr, pyrithiobac-sodium, tribenuron-methyl, florasulam, pyroxsulam	Wheat
2021	Digitaria ciliaris	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	metamifop	Rice
2022	Ammannia multiflora	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam	Rice
2022	Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2, Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase& HRAC Group 1	clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flucarbazone-Na, pinoxaden, pyroxsulam	Wheat
2023	Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	penoxsulam	Rice
2023	Leptochloa chinensis	Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase& HRAC Group 27	tripyrasulfone	Rice
2023	Ammannia auriculata	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	bensulfuron-methyl	Rice
2023	Panicum miliaceum var. ruderale Kitag.	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase& HRAC Group 2	nicosulfuron	Corn (maize)

本文数据翻译和总结自https://weedscience.org/Home.aspx，如有错误，请批评指正

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